Micotoxinas en alimentos pdf

Intoxicaciones alimentarias: micotoxinas. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata consultado el 27 de abril de Bhat RV, Vasanthi S. Legarda T, Burdaspal P. Micotoxinas y seguridad alimentaria. Inicio Farmacia Profesional Alimentos y micotoxinas. ISSN: Descargar PDF. Diplomada en Nutrici?? Login to VRCollector Username.

Login Lost Password? Reset Password Enter the username or e-mail you used in your profile. Username or E-mail. Get new password. Don't have an account? Sign Up Already have an account? Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium verrucosum, and produc- tion of ochratoxin A. A modified creatine sucrose medium from differentiation of species in Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species.

North Ryde: Food Science Australia. Fungi and food spoilage. London: Blackie Aca- demic and Professional. The genus Aspergillus. New York: Williams and Wilkins.

Introduction to food and airborne fungi. Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Estos factores los pode- mos agrupar de la siguiente manera 15, 40 :. Inicialmente, existe una gran variedad de microorganismos en la superficie y en el interior de los alimentos. Estos micro- organismos provienen fundamentalmente del ambiente donde se producen o se manipulan los alimentos, como el suelo, aire, agua, superficies e instrumentos que entran en contacto con ellos.

Estos produc- tos se caracterizan por tener bien un valor de actividad de agua bajo, o bien por tener un pH bajo. Dentro de cada uno de los factores limitantes los mohos muestran diferentes requerimientos. Son los principales responsables del deterioro de los cereales y piensos. Figura 4. Sustrato Sustrato Sustrato Sustrato Sustrato Sustratocon con infectado infectado enmohecido enmohecido micotoxina micotoxina b c a b c.

Aspergillus flavus y A. En general las cepas de F. Por lo que respecta a A. Por el contrario, P. Los mayores niveles de aflatoxina los produjo A. Diferentes estudios han mostrado que F. Respecto a las especies de Aspergillus, su crecimien- to se ve menos afectado a valores de pH alcalinos.

En el caso de las especies productoras de FB1, F. Este hecho puede generalizarse para otras micotoxinas y otros sustratos. Existen, sin embargo, pocos estudios de campo.

En estudios in vitro con F. Benomilo, metconazol, procloraz, bromuconazol y tebuconazol han mostrado su eficacia contra F. En general, la azoxistrobina ha mostrado poco efecto inhibitorio. Incluso, niveles bajos de tiabendazol, tebuconazol y fluquinconazol parecen estimular el crecimiento de F. Muchas micotoxinas, especialmente las aflatoxinas y las producidas por hongos como Fusarium, se forman directamente durante el crecimiento de las plantas en el campo. No obstante la resistencia de estas variedades no es nunca completa.

Se han ensayado in vitro concentraciones de Los antimicrobianos naturales dependen menos del pH. Sin embargo, el carvacrol, componente mayoritario, no muestra una mayor efectividad, lo que sugiere la relevancia de los componentes minoritarios.

De hecho, se ha demostrado que A. Mould contamination and the influence of water activity and temperature on mycotoxin produc- tion by two Aspergilli in melon seed. Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production on a synthetic gra- pe medium in relation to environmental factors. Ecological concepts in food microbio- logy. Effect of temperature on zea- ralenone production by isolates of Fusarium from cereals, in Italy.

Phyto- pathol. Effect of 3 systemic fungicides on deoxynivalenol vomitoxin production by Fusarium grami- nearum in wheat. Plant Sci. Effects of diniconazole on Aspergillus populations and aflatoxin formation in peanut under irriga- ted and nonirrigated conditions. Plant Dis. Effect of initial pH on aflatoxin produc- tion. Interactive effects of temperature and pH on myco- toxin production.

Effects of temperature, incubation period and substrate production of fusaproliferin by Fusarium subglutinans ITEM Grain storage: The role of fungi in quality loss. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Mycotoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum in irradiated maize grains in the presen- ce of other fungi.

New insights into pH regulation of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species. Abstract no. Growth of and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts stored under modified atmosphere packaging MAP conditions. Food Microbiol. Interaction of water activity and temperature on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in irradiated maize seeds. Food Addit. Zara- goza. Wax and cutin layers in maize kernels associated with resistance to aflato- xin production by Aspergillus flavus.

Mold-free shelf life extension of bakery products by active packaging. Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt corn grown in the United States in Food Chem. An update on bree- ding peanut for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Two-dimensional environmental profiles of growth, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum on a wheat-based substrate.

Toxigenic Fungi: Aspergillus. En: Microorganisms in foods. Vol 5. Characteristics of Food Pathogens. Influence of water activity and temperature on the production of zearalenone in corn by three Fusa- rium species. Further developments in the utilization of hurdle tech- nology for food preservation. Food Eng. Influence of the interactions among ecological variables in the characteri- zation of zearalenone producing isolates of Fusarium spp. Micro- biol. Ochrato- xin A occurrence in experimental wines in relationship with different pesti- cide treatments on grapes.

Aspergillus flavus growth in the presence of chemical preservatives and naturally occurring antimi- crobial compounds. Impact of environ- ment and interactions between Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proli- feratum with Aspergillus parasiticus on fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin on maize grain. Food Agric. Fumonisin-producing strains of Fusarium: A review of their ecophysiology.

Fu- monisin B1 production and growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium pro- liferatum on maize, wheat, and barley grain.

Food Sci. Progress in engineering walnuts for resistance to Aspergillus flavus. The effect of modified atmospheres and packaging on patulin production in apples. Essentials and perspectivas of the microbial ecology of foods. A food mycology: advances and prospects. London: Academic Press. Equipos Tecnol.

Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cym- bopongon citratus DC Stapf. Isolated from stored rice. Prediction of fungal growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus ochraceus on irradiated barley grain as influenced by temperature and water activity.

Fungi and Food Spoilage. Impact of environmental factors and fungicides on growth and deoxinivalenol production by Fusarium gra- minearum isolates from Argentinian wheat. Crop Prot. Introduc- tion to food borne fungi. Baarn: Centralbureau loor Schimmelcultures. Effect of Bt-corn hybrids on deoxynivalenol content in grain at harvest. Chemical control of Fusarium head blight on wheat. Inhibition of fungal growth on wheat and rye bread by modified atmosphere packaging and active packaging using vola- tile mustard essential oil.

Growth of fungi and mycotoxin production on cheese under modified atmospheres. Influence of pH on the growth of some toxicogenic species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Segregation for resis- tance to aflatoxin contamination among seeds on an ear of hybrid maize.

Southwestern corn borer damage and aflatoxin accumulation in conventio- nal and transgenic corn hybrids. Algunos laboratorios, para abaratar costes, desarrollan sus pro- pios materiales de referencia para usos rutinarios y cuyo contenido de micotoxi- nas se fija, siempre, sobre la base de los materiales certificados 7, , 48, 49, Tabla 5. Matriz Micotoxinas. Se ha empleado para varias micotoxinas tales como los tricotecenos del grupo B, ocratoxina A, fumonisinas y patulina.

En la Figura 5. Uno de los sistemas empleados es el que se muestra en la Figura 5. Figura 5. NColumna de inmunoafinidad.

Matriz Matriz Micotoxinas Micotoxinas. Actualmente se comercializan columnas de inmunoafinidad para aflatoxinas del grupo B, G y M, ocratoxina A, deoxinivalenol, fumonisinas, toxina T-2 y zearalenona. Sin embargo pre- senta los inconvenientes de tener una baja reproducibilidad e interferencias de matriz. Es directo Figura 5. Las principales aplicaciones, ventajas e inconvenientes se expo- nen en la Tabla 5.

Con este procedimiento se han analizado aflatoxina B1, deoxinivalenol, fumonisina B1 y zearalenona en cereales Zearalenona tiempo real. Elevada sensibi- lidad. Muestras sin pu- rificar. Requiere marcaje. Bajo coste. El mate- rial empleado son cristales recubiertos con el elemento de reconocimiento, el cual se pone en contacto con la muestra que contiene la micotoxina a detectar.

En la Tabla 5. Abramson et al. Tomlins et al. Sin embargo, el principal inconve- niente es la dificultad para determinar las bajas concentraciones a las que se encuentran las micotoxinas en las muestras reales. NElectroferograma de piensos adicionada con ocratoxinas y aflatoxinas del grupo B y G. Jiao et al. Tomado de Eke et al. Tal y como se observa en la Tabla 5.

NCromatograma de una muestra de cacahuete conteniendo AFB1 0. Tomado de Blesa et al. Chromatography of mycotoxins on precoated reverse-phase thin-layer plates. Edited by P. CG Simultaneous determination of ochratoxin A and cyclopiazonic, mycophenolic, and te- nuazonic acids in cornflakes by solid-phase microextraction coupled to high- performance liquid chromatography.

J Agric Food Chem. Aflatoxins B and G. Limited survey for the presence of aflatoxins in foods from local markets and supermarkets in Valencia, Spain. Food Addit Contam. Determina- tion of aflatoxins in peanuts by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography.

J Chromatogr A. The food and feed chains — a possible strategy for the production of Certified Reference Materials CRMs in the area of myco- toxins? Instructions on Codex sampling procedures. Food Analysis-Biotoxins-criteria of analytical methods of mycotoxins. The preparation, validation and certification of the aflatoxin content of two peanut butter reference materials. Fresenius Z.

Analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed: Certification of DON in wheat and maize. Sampling and analysis for ochratoxin A in foods. Biosensor system to determine ochratoxin A. Protocol for the design, conduct and interpretation of method performance studies. Pure Appl. Identification of ochratoxin A in food samples by chemical derivatization and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.

Accelerat- ed solvent extraction of ochratoxin a from rice samples. Inter- national proficiency testing of analytical laboratories from to the experiences of the United Kingdom Food Analysis Performance Assess- ment Scheme. AOAC Int. Performance of modern sample preparation techniques in the analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals.

Advances in the analysis of mycotoxins and its quality assurance. Incidence of fumon- isins, moniliformin and Fusarium species in poultry feed mixtures from Slo- vakia. Ann Agric Environ Med. Ion-pair, anion-exchange and ligand-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of tenuazonic acid and 3-acetyl 5-substituted pyrrolidi- ne-2,4-diones.

J Chromatogr. Novel assays and sensor platforms for the detection of aflatoxins. Adv Exp Med Biol. Analysis of fumonisin B1 in corn by capillary electrophoresis. New York, Plenum Press. Fiber-optic immunosensor for myco- toxins. Comparison of alternative and conven- tional extraction techniques for the determination of zearalenone in corn. Microwave- assisted extraction of zearalenone from wheat and corn. Anal Bioanal Chem. Sampling and sample preparation for detec- tion and quantitation of natural toxicants in food and feed.

Sampling programs for mycotox- ins: Perspectives and recommendations. Mycotoxins and phycotoxins—developments in chemistry, toxicology and food safety.

Alaken, Inc. Screening of aflatoxins in feed samples using a flow system coupled to capillary elec- trophoresis. Aflatoxin detection by high-speed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin methodology. Gas chromatography with elec- tron capture and mass spectrometric detection of deoxynivalenol in wheat and other grains. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. Development and optimization of a super- critical fluid extraction method for the analysis of aflatoxin B1 in grain dust.

Mass Spectrom Rev. Sampling bulk consignments of dried figs for aflatoxin analysis. Method for the analysis in maize of the Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin employing ion-pairing extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. International harmonized protocol for proficiency testing of chemical analytical laboratories. Micellar electrokinetic capillary electropho- resis for rapid analysis of patulin in apple cider. Analysis of zearalenone in cereal and Swine feed samples using an automated flow-through immunosensor.

Development of milk powder ref- erence materials certified for aflatoxin M1 content part 1. The development of five animal feed reference materials certified for their aflatoxin B1 content.

Euro- pean intercomparison study for the determination of the fumonisins con- tent of two maize materials. The second interlaboratory study of methods for the analysis of ochratoxin A in pig kid- ney. Eval- uation of sampling plans used in the United States, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands to test raw shelled peanuts for aflatoxin. Ochratoxin A in wheat: certification of two reference materials. Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in grains by capillary electrophoresis. Una vez elabora- do este diagrama de trabajo se identifican todos los peligros que pudie- ran surgir en cada punto y describir las medidas preventivas necesarias para su control.

Para llevar a cabo este trabajo se emplean siete principios:. Posteriormente, los PCC seleccionados son transpuestos al diagrama de flujo tal y como se puede ver en la Figura 6.

Hay dos sistemas para llevar a cabo estos controles de vigilancia:. Sin embargo, se ha visto que algunos tienen el inconveniente de adsorber vitaminas y minerales. En la Tabla 6. Dentro de los aluminosilicatos, cabe destacar los aluminosilicatos de calcio y sodio hidratados HSCAS y la montmorillonita.

El bisulfito destruye la aflatoxina B1 y reduce el deoxinivalenol. En el caso del ozono parece que puede degradar las aflatoxinas en cereales. Mycotoxins: current issues in USA. Meeting the mycotoxin menace. Wagenin- gen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. HACCP and mycotoxins: what is the point of interaction? Mycotoxins and phycotoxins developments in chemistry, toxico- logy and food safety. Mycotoxin deto- xication of animal feed by different adsorbents.

Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feed and food production. Integrated mycotoxin management systems. Pre- venting Mycotoxin Contamination. Effect of dietary cholestyramine on the elimination pattern of ochratoxin A in rats.

Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of transgenic Bt maize hybrids and non-transge- nic hybrids. Effectiveness of ammonia treatment in detoxification of fumonisin-contaminated corn.

Perspectives on mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Tunisia 3- 6- March. Prevention of toxic effects of mycotoxins by means of non-nutritive adsorbent compounds. Ibero- am. Effects of processing and detoxification treatments on och- ratoxin A: introduction. Esterified glucomannan: Growth and neurological response of pigs given fusariotoxin contaminated diets.

Science and Technology in the Feed Industry. Aspectos legislativos de las micotoxinas 7 y normativa vigente. Entre ellos destacan los siguientes:. Aspectos legislativos de las micotoxinas y normativa vigente Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de productos preparados a partir de una materia prima contaminada. En varias ocasiones ya se han realizado encuestas internacionales sobre las legis- laciones existentes para micotoxinas en alimentos y piensos, y se han publicado los resultados en detalle.

En la Figura 7. Figura 7. La mayor parte de los reglamentos se ocupaban de las aflatoxinas. Los reglamentos para las aflatoxinas totales prevalecieron. No obstante, para un mayor conocimiento de las particularidades de cada una de las norma- tivas, es necesario consultar la fuente legislativa original. En la Tabla 7. Tabla 7. Cereales no elaborados y productos a base de cereales. En las Tablas 7.

Valores en blanco Todas las Despreciable concentraciones. Se han de reflejar los resultados individuales de todas las muestras examinadas. Piper spp. Determinations of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut sections. Oil Chem. Relationship of physical appea- rance of individual mold damaged cottonseed to aflatoxin content. European Mycotoxin Awareness Network. Fact Sheets on Evaluation and Risk Issues, n. Sampling and sample preparation me- thod for mycotoxin analysis.

En: Cole RJ ed. Modern methods in the analysis and structural elucidation of mycotoxins. DOUE L75 de DOUE L de DOUE L27 de Uncertainties in the risk assessment of three mycotoxins: aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenone. Phar- macol. Risk assessment to humans of mycotoxins in animal-derived food products. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. BOE de BOE DOUE L52 de DOUE L6 de DOUE L59 de DOUE L62 de DOUE L25 de DOUE L41 de DOUE L74 de DOUE L77 de Aflatoxin: distribu- tion in contaminated corn.

Cereal Chem. Worldwide regulations on aflato- xins. The situation in Variability associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin. A estas sustancias se les dio el nombre de aflatoxinas atendiendo a su origen, ya que se pudo comprobar que el hongo Aspergillus flavus estaba presente en todas las muestras sospechosas Como ya se ha dicho, el nombre de las aflatoxinas hace referencia al hecho de ser biosintetizadas por el hongo Aspergillus flavus y fue propuesto en por sus descubridores.

La estructura de las aflatoxinas fue deducida alre- dedor de por el grupo de Asoa 1. En la Figura 8. Las pautas de comportamiento del A. Figura 8. NFiguras de algunas aflatoxinas. Los valores de DL50 se muestran en la Tabla 8. Mientras tanto A. La Tabla 8. En la Tabla 8. Se han llevado a cabo diversos estudios para demostrar la eficacia de determi- nados microorganismos para degradar las aflatoxinas. Detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated food adn feed by microorganisms.

Turkey «X» disease. J Brit. Mycotoxin prevention and control: FAO pro- grammes. Aflatoxinas en alimentos. Microbial detoxifica- tion of aflatoxin. Experimental de- toxification of groundnut meals containing aflatoxin.

Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, byosinthesis, effects on organisms, detection and methods of control. CRC Crit. Opinion on aflatoxinas, ochratoxin A and Patulin-expressed on 23 september Reports of the Scientific Committee on Food- World wide regulations for mycotoxins. Food and Nutrition Paper Roma Italia. Volumen Removal of aflatoxin in raw unshelled peanuts by a traditional salt boiling process practised in Northeast of Brazil.

Assessment of estimated risk resulting from aflatoxins in con- sumerpeanut products and other food commodities. Biotransformation and fate of mycotoxins. Risk assessment for aflatoxin: I. Metabolism of aflato- xin B1 by different species. Risk Anal. Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid pro- duction by a sclerotium-producing Aspergillus tamarii strain. Destruction of aflato- xin in corn with sodium bisulfite. The Walter Hubert Lecture-molecular epidemio- logy of human cancer: insights from the mutational analysis of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene.

Aflatoxin B1 epoxide, the ultimate carcinogenic form of aflatoxin B1: synthesis and reaction with DNA. Mycotoxins: a review of biological effects and their role in human diseases. Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perina- tal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxinas on child health in the tropics.

Ethanol extraction of oil, gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Some traditionally herbal medicines, some mycoto- xins, naphthalene and styrene.

He- patitis due to aflatoxicosis: An outbreak in Western India. Aspergillus nomius, a new aflatoxin—producing species related to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii. Aflatoxin B1 uptake by Flavobacterium aurantiacum and resulting toxic effects. Risk assessment for aflatoxinas in foodstuffs. Biode- ter. Participation of animal biotransformation in mycotoxin toxicity.

Review of decontami- nation of aflatoxin by ammoniation: current status and regulation. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. Mycotoxins: metabolism, mechanism and bio- chemical markers. En: The mycotoxin blue book. Duarte Diaz. Not- tinghan University Press. Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods.

Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. Environmental conditions affecting mycoto- xins. En: Mycotoxins in food: detection and control Eds. Magan, N, Olsen, M. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, Inglaterra. Toxicity associa- ted with certain samples of groundnuts.